Software Engineering-The Design Process

Software design is an iterative process through which requirements are translated into a “blueprint” for constructing the software. Initial...


Software design is an iterative process through which requirements are translated into a “blueprint” for constructing the software. Initially, the blueprint depicts a holistic view of software. That is, the design is represented at a high level of abstraction— a level that can be directly traced to the specific system objective and more detailed data, functional, and behavioral requirements. As design iterations occur, subsequent refinement leads to design representations at much lower levels of abstraction. These can still be traced to requirements, but the connection is more subtle.

Design and Software Quality

Throughout the design process, the quality of the evolving design is assessed with a series of formal technical reviews or design walkthroughs. McGlaughlin  suggests three characteristics that serve as a guide for the evaluation of a good design:

The design must implement all of the explicit requirements contained in the analysis model, and it must accommodate all of the implicit requirements desired by the customer.
The design must be a readable, understandable guide for those who generate code and for those who test and subsequently support the software.
The design should provide a complete picture of the software, addressing the data, functional, and behavioral domains from an implementation perspective.

Each of these characteristics is actually a goal of the design process. But how is each of these goals achieved?
In order to evaluate the quality of a design representation, we must establish technical criteria for good design. For the time being, we present the following guidelines:

1. A design should exhibit an architectural structure that (1) has been created using recognizable design patterns, (2) is composed of components that exhibit good design characteristics, and (3) can be implemented in an evolutionary fashion, thereby facilitating implementation and testing.
2. A design should be modular; that is, the software should be logically partitioned into elements that perform specific functions and subfunctions.

3. A design should contain distinct representations of data, architecture, interfaces, and components (modules).

4. A design should lead to data structures that are appropriate for the objects to be implemented and are drawn from recognizable data patterns.

5. A design should lead to components that exhibit independent functional characteristics.

6. A design should lead to interfaces that reduce the complexity of connections between modules and with the external environment.

7. A design should be derived using a repeatable method that is driven by information obtained during software requirements analysis.

These criteria are not achieved by chance. The software design process encourages good design through the application of fundamental design principles, systematic methodology, and thorough review.

The Evolution of Software Design

The evolution of software design is a continuing process that has spanned the past four decades. Early design work concentrated on criteria for the development of modular programs  and methods for refining software structures in a top-down manner . Procedural aspects of design definition evolved into a philosophy called structured programming . Later work proposed methods for the translation of data flow or data structure  into a design definition. Newer design approaches  proposed an object-oriented approach to design derivation. Today, the emphasis in software design has been on software architecture  and the design patterns that can be used to implement software architectures .

Many design methods, growing out of the work just noted, are being applied throughout the industry. Like the analysis methods, each software design method introduces unique heuristics and notation, as well as a somewhat parochial view of what characterizes design quality. Yet, all of these methods have a number of common characteristics: (1) a mechanism for the translation of analysis model into a design representation, (2) a notation for representing functional components and their interfaces, (3) heuristics for refinement and partitioning, and (4) guidelines for quality assessment.

Regardless of the design method that is used, a software engineer should apply a set of fundamental principles and basic concepts to data, architectural, interface, and component-level design. These principles and concepts are considered in the sections that follow.
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