Software Engineering-Function-Oriented Metrics

Function-oriented software metrics use a measure of the functionality delivered by the application as a normalization value. Since ‘functio...


Function-oriented software metrics use a measure of the functionality delivered by the application as a normalization value. Since ‘functionality’ cannot be measured directly, it must be derived indirectly using other direct measures. Function-oriented metrics were first proposed by Albrecht , who suggested a measure called the function point. Function points are derived using an empirical relationship based on countable (direct) measures of software's information domain and assessments of software complexity.

Function points are computed  by completing the table as shown below. Five information domain characteristics are determined and counts are provided in the appropriate table location. Information domain values are defined in the following manner:




Number of user inputs. Each user input that provides distinct applicationoriented data to the software is counted. Inputs should be distinguished from inquiries, which are counted separately.

Number of user outputs. Each user output that provides applicationoriented information to the user is counted. In this context output refers to reports, screens, error messages, etc. Individual data items within a report are not counted separately.

Number of user inquiries. An inquiry is defined as an on-line input that results in the generation of some immediate software response in the form of an on-line output. Each distinct inquiry is counted.

Number of files. Each logical master file (i.e., a logical grouping of data that may be one part of a large database or a separate file) is counted.

Number of external interfaces. All machine readable interfaces (e.g., data files on storage media) that are used to transmit information to another system are counted.

Once these data have been collected, a complexity value is associated with each count. Organizations that use function point methods develop criteria for determining whether a particular entry is simple, average, or complex. Nonetheless, the determination of complexity is somewhat subjective.

To compute function points (FP), the following relationship is used:

                              FP = count total [0.65 + 0.01 Σ(Fi)] where count total is the sum of all FP entries . 

The Fi (i = 1 to 14) are "complexity adjustment values" based on responses to the following questions :
1. Does the system require reliable backup and recovery?
2. Are data communications required?
3. Are there distributed processing functions?
4. Is performance critical?
5. Will the system run in an existing, heavily utilized operational environment?
6. Does the system require on-line data entry?
7. Does the on-line data entry require the input transaction to be built over multiple
screens or operations?
8. Are the master files updated on-line?
9. Are the inputs, outputs, files, or inquiries complex?
10. Is the internal processing complex?
11. Is the code designed to be reusable?
12. Are conversion and installation included in the design?
13. Is the system designed for multiple installations in different organizations?
14. Is the application designed to facilitate change and ease of use by the user?

Each of these questions is answered using a scale that ranges from 0 (not important or applicable) to 5 (absolutely essential). The constant values in Equation and the weighting factors that are applied to information domain counts are determined empirically.

Once function points have been calculated, they are used in a manner analogous to LOC as a way to normalize measures for software productivity, quality, and other attributes:

Errors per FP.
Defects per FP.
$ per FP.
Pages of documentation per FP.
FP per person-month.
Name

ADO,131,ASP,3,C++,61,CORE JAVA,1,CSS,115,HTML,297,index,5,JAVASCRIPT,210,OS,47,PHP,65,SAD,53,SERVLETS,23,SOFTWARE ENGINEERING,245,SQL,71,TCP/IP,1,XHTML,9,XML,18,
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